🔎 Cosmic Rays – Definition and Interpretations

an introduction

The cosmic radiation It is the flow of atomic nuclei and high-energy (ie, relativistic) particles that circulate in the interstellar space. Today we also refer to cosmic rays ” under nameastronomical particles.

Some of these particles, from solar, galactic or extragalactic sources, can cross us, interfere with DNA, and cross Stone (Rock, from the famous Latin word rocca, meaning whatever substance the bark is made of…) And buildings are deeply penetrating the planet’s soil and subsoil.

study radiation (Radiation, synonymous with radiation in physics, refers to the process of emission or…) The universe began at the beginning XX^e Century with the work of Victor Hess.

Part of the cosmic ray bass energy (In general, energy determines everything that allows you to do work, generate energy, etc.) (For the rest of the cosmic rays: of the order MeV), trapped by Earth’s magnetic field (Earth has a magnetic field caused by the motions of its outer core -…)and is involved in shaping the Van Allen belts.

a story

It started in 1900, when Charles Thompson Reese Wilson (Charles Thompson Rhys Wilson (1869 in Glencourse, Scotland – 1959 in Karlops, Scotland)…) It discovers that the atmosphere is constantly ionizing. Then it is believed that it is due to the natural radiation of a land (Earth is the third planet in the solar system in order of distance…). search foratmospheric electricity (to delete)I’ionization (Ionization is the process of removing or adding charges to an atom or…) and the Concentration (Condensation is the name given to the physical phenomenon of changing the state of matter that…) led him to design the first cloud room (The cloud chamber is a particle detector in which ionization from …).

But scientists at that time soon became interested in the excess of ions compared to amount (Quantity is a general term for measurement (computation, quantity); scalar, …) Usually due to the Earth’s natural radiation. In 1912 physical (A physicist is a scientist who studies the field of physics, i.e. …) Austrian Victor Franz Hess (Victor Franz Hess (24 June 1883 – 17 December 1964) was…) Measures the ionization rate as a function of height with a Electrical (An electrometer (also called an electroscope) is a scientific measuring device that allows …) to me binding (The leaf is the organ that specializes in photosynthesis in plants…) of gold embedded in a balloon. Ionization drops to 700 mThen it grows. There are few differences between day (The day or day is the interval between sunrise and sunset, which is…) And the night. Hess infers from this the cosmic (i.e., outside the solar system) origin of this radiation. These results were confirmed by Robert Millikan working with sounding balloons.

Hess also believed that these rays are electrically neutral. This assertion was rejected as early as 1928 when it was shown that most radiation reaches space (Surface generally refers to the surface layer of an object. The term A…) The Earth is made up of charged particles. Then Millikan assumes that the last result ofinteraction (An interaction is the exchange of information, influences, or energy between two agents within…) Between neutral space rays (gamma rays) and particlesatmosphere (The word atmosphere can have several meanings:). Arthur Compton (Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 in Worcester, Ohio, United States -…) Shows that radiation is actually Worker (In mathematics and logic, a variable is represented by a symbol. It is…) distance Latitude (Latitude is an angular value, an expression for determining the north-south position of a point on the Earth…) It is measured (less at the equator than at the poles) due to the influence of magnetic field (In physics, the magnetic field (or magnetic induction, or flux density…) ground, proving that they are charged particles.

Diagram of the atmospheric chain produced by A proton (A proton is a subatomic particle that carries an elementary electric charge…)

in 1938astronomer (An astronomer is a scientist who specializes in the study of astronomy.) French Pierre Auger (Pierre Victor Auger (May 14, 1899 – December 25, 1993) was a French physicist born in Paris, …) It discovers that these particles form atmospheric precipitation. These are called “secondary” particles, as opposed to the “primary” particles that make up flow (The word flux (from the Latin fluxus, flow) generally refers to a group of elements…) before interacting with the atmosphere.

Domain

the spectrum of elemental cosmic radiation (the flux of astroparticles in the upper part of the Earth’s atmosphere); per unit area (m²) per unit of time (Time is a concept developed by humans to understand…) (sec) per unit ofsolid angle (In mathematics, geometry, and physics, a solid angle is the analogue of 3D…) (steradian sr) and each incident particle energy interval is 1 GeV

Low energies (yellow area) mainly come from Sun (The Sun (Sol in Latin, Helios or Ήλιος in Greek) is the star…)the intermediate energies (blue) of galactic cosmic rays, and the highest energies (purple) are extragalactic

The radiation spectrum is the function that relates the incident flow of a particle to its energy.
corresponding numbers logarithmic scale (The logarithmic scale is a system graduating on a half line[Ox],)[Ox))[Ox)،)[Ox)) To combine too large Capacity (in this simple wave equation 🙂 The energies and flux values ​​were measured.
This spectrum is given here to Primary radiationthat is, before this radiation interacts with the atmosphere.

This spectrum is clear “non-thermal”meaning that it is not caused by the body’s emission to temperature (Temperature is a physical quantity measured with a thermometer and …) data (In information technologies, a reference is a preliminary description, …) (black body spectrum). The slope of the line shows that the flow decreases rapidly according to the law of strong (The power of the word is used in several areas with a certain meaning 🙂. L ‘exponent (can mean explainer 🙂 From the power law called the spectrum index. Its total value is 2.8.

However, there are two ramp spacers Gorgeous, although quite discreet to the naked eye.
– The first time is 5.10^15th eV is nicknamed ” knee (Flow: 1 particle/m²/years). The spectrum index increased from about 2.7 to 3.0.
– The the second (The second is the feminine of the second adjective, which comes immediately after the first or which…)located in 4.10¹⁹ eV is nicknamed ” ankle (Flow: 1 particle/km²/general). The spectral index goes to 3.3.